Schizophrenia is a well known emotional and mental disorder that causes hallucinations, paranoid and delusional behaviour. In contrary to many other diseases, schizophrenia is mostly affected and caused by external environment. People that are suffering from this disorder usually cannot differentiate their imaginative world from the real one Schizophrenia research papers examine the mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behaviors and a general failure to distinguish between reality and delusion. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behaviors and a general failure to distinguish between reality and delusion. Major common symptoms of schizophrenia include holding false beliefs, Nov 24, · Research Paper on Schizophrenia It also causes patients to have difficulty in expressing normal emotions in social situations. The disorder affects about one percent of the world population with most people holding misconception concerning this disorder where the public perception suggests that it is split personality or multiple personality which is not true (McGrath, Saha, Chant, & Welham, ).Estimated Reading Time: 12 mins
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, London SE5 8AF. Schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses. No other disorder arouses as much anxiety in the general public, research paper schizophrenia disorder, the media, and doctors. Research paper schizophrenia disorder treatments are available, yet patients and their families often find it hard to research paper schizophrenia disorder good care.
In the United Kingdom, as in many parts of the world, this is often due to poor service provision, but sometimes it is simply down to misinformation. In this review, we clarify the causes and presentation of schizophrenia, summarise the treatments that are available, and try to clear up a few myths. We searched the online electronic databases Web of Knowledge, the Cochrane Library, and the current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NICE guidelines for suitable evidence based material.
Box 1 lists the common symptoms of schizophrenia. Persecution—patients think they are victims of some form of threat or are central to a conspiracy. Passivity—patients think that their thoughts or actions are being controlled by an external force or person, research paper schizophrenia disorder.
Other—delusions can develop along any theme; for instance grandiose, sexual, or religious. Manifests as distorted or illogical speech—a failure to use language in a logical and coherent way. These include social withdrawal, self neglect, loss of motivation and initiative, emotional blunting, and paucity of speech. People with schizophrenia typically hear voices auditory hallucinationswhich often criticise or abuse them.
The voices may speak directly to the patient, comment on the patient's actions, or discuss the patient among themselves. Not surprisingly, people who hear voices often try to make some sense of these hallucinations, and this can lead to the development of strange beliefs or delusions. Many patients also have thought disorder and negative symptoms. While negative symptoms may be less troubling to the patient, they can be very distressing to relatives.
Psychiatrists often classify schizophrenia into subtypes according to the balance of symptoms that a patient manifests box 2. Sustained evidence over at least two weeks of catatonic behaviour including stupor, excitement, posturing, and rigidity. While we often think of schizophrenia as a major departure from normal health, mild symptoms can occur in healthy people and research paper schizophrenia disorder not associated with illness.
We have known for more than 40 years that excessive dopamine transmission in the brain's mesolimbic system plays a key role in schizophrenia. Support for this comes from several strands of evidence box 3. How does dopamine excess lead patients to believe that their neighbours are talking about them, research paper schizophrenia disorder, or that the Central Intelligence Agency CIA is after them?
Shijit Kapur, a Canadian researcher, has proposed an attractive theory linking dopamine dysregulation to symptom formation. The theory proposes that, in psychosis, excessive dopamine adds salience to mundane and insignificant thoughts or perceptions. In this way, everyday events—eye contact with a stranger, a trivial sound, or the comments of a newsreader—are given personal importance. Delusions may then develop in an attempt to make sense of a world in which personally important events are going on around the patient all the time.
Amphetamine misuse, which increases synaptic dopamine release, can produce ideas of reference, delusions, and auditory hallucinations in healthy people, research paper schizophrenia disorder. Research paper schizophrenia disorder doses of amphetamines make research paper schizophrenia disorder harder to control symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotic drugs cause extrapyramidal research paper schizophrenia disorder effects by blocking dopamine in the substantia nigra.
The clinical efficacy of typical antipsychotics is closely correlated to their ability to block dopamine. Patients with psychosis release excessive dopamine in response to an amphetamine challenge, and the degree of dopamine release correlates with the severity of their psychotic symptoms.
COMT which encodes catechol- O -methyltransferase, a dopamine metabolising enzyme genotype moderates the future risk of developing psychosis in adolescent users of cannabis. Systematic reviews show that despite its relatively low incidence The incidence of schizophrenia varies; at present it is rising in some populations such as South London w3 but falling in others.
Schizophrenia typically presents in early adulthood or late adolescence, research paper schizophrenia disorder.
Men have an earlier age of onset than women, and also tend to experience a more serious form of the illness with more negative symptoms, less chance of a full recovery, and a generally worse outcome.
w5 Rates remain high in the children of migrants, but this is not reflected in increased rates in their research paper schizophrenia disorder country. w6 Environmental and social factors have been implicated in this increased risk, and intriguingly the risk of schizophrenia in migrants is greatest when they form a small proportion of their local community, research paper schizophrenia disorder.
Recently, some progress has been made in identifying the genes that increase the risk for schizophrenia. Inthe deCODE genetics group in Iceland identified a haplotype in the neuregulin 1 NRG1 gene w7 which seemed to double the risk of illness, a result later replicated in Scotland and Wales, South Africa, and China.
Other susceptibility genes that have recently emerged are dysbindin DTNBP1 and DISC1. It seems likely that many risk genes exist—each of small effect and each relatively common in the general population. Patients probably inherit several risk genes, which interact with each other and the environment to cause schizophrenia once a critical threshold is crossed.
A meta-analysis has shown that patients with schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced obstetric complications, in particular premature birth, low birth weight, and perinatal hypoxia. w8 They are also slightly more likely to have been born research paper schizophrenia disorder late winter and early spring, possibly reflecting intrauterine viral exposure.
These early environmental hazards appear to have a subtle effect on brain development. In adulthood different environmental stressors act—including social isolation, migrant status, research paper schizophrenia disorder urban life 10 —and this remains the case even when life events attributable to the incipient psychosis itself are excluded. The way parents raise their children does not seem to have a major impact on future vulnerability, but families do have an important part to play in the course of the illness; patients with supportive parents do much better than those with critical or hostile ones.
Collectively, these risk factors point to an interaction between biological, psychological, and social risk factors that drive increasingly deviant development and finally frank psychosis. We know that stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines can induce a picture clinically identical to paranoid schizophrenia, and recent reports have also implicated cannabis.
The evidence that patients with established schizophrenia smoke more cannabis than the general population is overwhelming. Well conducted and comprehensive cohort studies, like that from Dunedin in New Zealand, research paper schizophrenia disorder, 12 show that early cannabis use—long before psychotic symptoms appear—increases the future risk of schizophrenia fourfold, while a meta-analysis of prospective studies reported a doubling of the risk. Only a small proportion of people who use cannabis develop schizophrenia, just as only a few of those who misuse alcohol develop cirrhosis.
This probably reflects a genetically determined vulnerability to the environmental stressor, a gene-environment interaction. Indeed, variations in the dopamine metabolising COMT catechol- O -methyltransferase gene affect the propensity to develop psychosis in people who use cannabis. A recent meta-analysis and systematic review has confirmed that patients with schizophrenia have smaller whole brain volumes and larger lateral ventricles.
These deficits appear to be present even at the earliest stages of the illness, though whether they progressively worsen over the course of the illness remains contentious.
Henry grew up in Uganda and came to the UK about three years before he started to become unwell at the age of He was living with his partner and had a young son.
He initially became more irritable, argumentative, and more unpredictable; eventually the relationship ended and he moved out. He began to drift socially and at work, research paper schizophrenia disorder.
Henry became increasingly preoccupied that he was the victim of a conspiracy that seemed to involve one of his neighbours. Over a period of months Henry became increasingly concerned that the neighbour was playing tricks on him—sending him messages and talking to him through the walls that separated their homes.
Henry did not know who to turn to, and eventually he bought a knife for protection. One night Henry decided to confront the neighbour, and he was arrested shortly afterwards. Henry saw a prison psychiatrist who diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia, and he was transferred to hospital. Henry was convicted of threatening behaviour but received a hospital order under the Mental Health Act He was treated as an inpatient for the next two years with antipsychotic medication and insight oriented cognitive therapy.
He is now treated and supervised by his local community forensic psychiatry team. He lives in his own housing association flat and works five days a week in a local supermarket; he was recently offered a promotion and sees his son every week, research paper schizophrenia disorder.
Box 4 lists the most common positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and box 5 shows the ICD international classification of diseases, 10th revision diagnostic criteria. However, few patients initially present with such florid symptoms. Patients are more likely to have more nebulous symptoms such as anxiety and depression, research paper schizophrenia disorder, social problems, or changes in behaviour, particularly difficulties in concentrating or becoming withdrawn from their normal social life.
Box 6 outlines useful screening questions for patients presenting in this manner. Hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary, discussing the patient, or coming from some part of the patient's body. Do you ever think that people are talking or gossiping about you, maybe even thinking about trying to get you?
Do you ever think that somehow people can pick up on what you are thinking or can manipulate what you are thinking? If the onset of psychosis is suspected, the patient should be rapidly referred to secondary research paper schizophrenia disorder box 7.
This will be the local early intervention or home treatment team in many parts of the UK, or the generic catchment area community mental health team. If the presence of psychotic symptoms is confirmed by a psychiatrist, then after discussion it may be appropriate for the general practitioner to prescribe an antipsychotic. Current NICE guidelines 16 recommend considering and offering an oral atypical antipsychotic such as amisulpiride, risperidone, research paper schizophrenia disorder, quetiapine, or olanzapine in low doses.
The need for hospital admission and even the use of the Mental Health Act will depend mainly on the patient's presentation, the risk research paper schizophrenia disorder, and the availability of good community support. General practitioners can contribute greatly to this decision because of their long term relationship with the patient and family.
John was in his mid-twenties when he was referred to the local early intervention in psychosis service on the advice of his counsellor. He lived with his partner and worked in a local shop at the time. For many years he had misused various illegal drugs including cannabis, amphetamine, LSD, and cocaine. John's problems began a year or two earlier when he had a panic attack climbing a flight of stairs.
He was treated with a β blocker and when this was unsuccessful he was given counselling. In the course of John's counselling sessions he revealed that he had experienced other unusual phenomena, particularly vivid dreams.
He felt that he had some degree of control over these dreams though they were accompanied by a sense of not knowing whether he was really asleep.
When John was assessed by the early intervention service he reported that he sometimes thought that he could smell petrol and butane when others could not and that he could hear his phone ring when no one had called. He said he felt that people were murmuring about him, though he could not be sure, and if he checked he found nothing. He was also very worried about his physical health. Finally, he admitted that he had begun to notice unusual coincidences and links between events and people.
He declined treatment with an antipsychotic drug.
The 3 Traits of Psychosis [\u0026 What They Feel Like]
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More research is needed in order to open new avenues add-on treatment for persons with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, about the relationship between personality disorders and psychopathology after having given informed consent, 40 subjects will receive ECT; another in schizophrenia. 40 will receive sham-ECT Schizophrenia is a well known emotional and mental disorder that causes hallucinations, paranoid and delusional behaviour. In contrary to many other diseases, schizophrenia is mostly affected and caused by external environment. People that are suffering from this disorder usually cannot differentiate their imaginative world from the real one Dec 04, · List of 54 Schizophrenia Research Paper Topics. Schizophrenia is one of the most complex mental disorders and there is a taboo surrounding this disease. So you must be careful when writing something on this disease. But choosing schizophrenia research paper topics is not as easy as it sounds. There are several forms of this disease, and the symptoms vary
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