A thesis statement is the single, specific claim that your essay supports. A strong thesis answers the question you want to raise; it does so by presenting a topic, the position you wish to defend, and a reasoning blueprint that sketches out your defense of your chosen position. A good thesis is not merely a factual statement, an observation, a personal opinion or preference, or the question “History Doesn’t Repeat Itself, but It Often Rhymes” – Mark Twain. In this essay adapted from a speech he delivered at his 50th reunion in May, author and columnist Richard North Patterson ’68 explores three divisive issues of today, and a compassionate path to bridge them.. For some of you is — quite literally — history, like John F. Kennedy and the Beatles Martin Heidegger (—) Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20 th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty), existentialism (Sartre, Ortega y Gasset), hermeneutics (Gadamer, Ricoeur), political theory (Arendt, Marcuse
History Doesn’t Repeat Itself, but It Often Rhymes | Ohio Wesleyan University
Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20 th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology Merleau-Pontyexistentialism SartreOrtega y Gassethermeneutics Gadamer, Ricoeurpolitical theory ArendtMarcuse, Does history repeat itself essaypsychology Boss, Binswanger, Rollo Mayand theology Bultmann, Rahner, Tillich.
His critique does history repeat itself essay traditional metaphysics and his opposition to positivism and technological world domination have been embraced by leading theorists of postmodernity DerridaFoucaultand Lyotard.
On the other hand, his involvement in the Nazi movement has invoked a stormy debate. Although he never claimed that his philosophy was concerned with politics, political considerations have come to overshadow his philosophical work.
In his fundamental treatise, Being and Timehe attempted to access being Sein by means of phenomenological analysis of human existence Dasein in respect to its temporal and historical character. He turned to the exegesis of historical texts, especially of the Presocratics, but also does history repeat itself essay Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Hölderlin, does history repeat itself essay, and to poetry, architecture, technology, does history repeat itself essay, and other subjects.
He also stressed the nihilism of modern technological culture. By going to the Presocratic beginning of Western thought, he wanted to repeat the early Greek experience of being, so that the West could turn away from the dead end of nihilism and begin anew, does history repeat itself essay.
His writings are notoriously difficult. Being and Time remains his most influential work. Heidegger was born on September 26, in Messkirch in south-west Germany to a Catholic family.
His father worked as sexton in the local church. In his early youth, Heidegger was being prepared for the priesthood. In he went to the high school in Konstanz, where the church supported him with a scholarship, and then, inhe moved to Freiburg. By his own account, it was this work that inspired his life-long quest for the meaning of being. Inafter completing the high school, he became a Jesuit novice, but was discharged within a month for reasons of health.
He then entered Freiburg University, where he studied theology. However, because of health problems and perhaps because of a lack of a strong spiritual vocation, Heidegger left the seminary in and broke off his training for the priesthood. He took up studies in philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences.
It was also at that time that he first became influenced by Edmund Husserl. In he completed a doctorate in philosophy with a dissertation on The Doctrine of Judgement in Psychologism under the direction of the neo-Kantian philosopher Heinrich Rickert. He was conscripted into the army, but was discharged after two months because of health reasons. Hoping to take over the chair of Catholic philosophy at Freiburg, Heidegger now began to work on a habilitation thesis, the required qualification for teaching at the university.
He taught mostly courses in Aristotelian and scholastic philosophy, and regarded himself as standing in the service of the Catholic world-view. Nevertheless, his turn from theology to philosophy was soon to be followed by another turn. Indoes history repeat itself essay, Heidegger became a junior colleague of Edmund Husserl when the latter joined the Freiburg faculty.
The following year, he married Thea Elfride Petri, a Protestant student who had attended his courses since the fall of His career was again interrupted by military service in He served for the last ten months of the war, the last three of those in a meteorological unit on the western front.
His lectures on phenomenology and his creative interpretations of Aristotle would now earn him a wide acclaim. Inwith the support of Paul Natorp, Heidegger was appointed associate professor at Marburg University. Between andhe enjoyed there the most fruitful years of his entire teaching career. His students testified to the originality of his insight and the intensity of his philosophical questioning. Heidegger extended the scope of his lectures, and taught courses on the history of philosophy, time, logic, phenomenology, Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, and Leibniz.
However, he had published nothing sincea factor that threatened his future academic career. Finally, in Februarypartly because of administrative pressure, his fundamental but also unfinished treatise, Being and Timeappeared. Within a few years, this book was recognized as a truly epoch-making work of 20 th century philosophy. Up to then virtually apolitical, Heidegger now became politically involved.
On April 21,he was elected rector of the University of Freiburg by the faculty. He was apparently urged by his colleagues to become a candidate for this politically sensitive post, as he later claimed in an interview with Der Spiegelto avoid the danger of a party functionary being appointed. But he does history repeat itself essay seemed to believe that he could steer does history repeat itself essay Nazi movement in the right direction.
On May 3,he joined the NSDAP, or Nazi, party. There is little doubt that during that time, Heidegger placed the great prestige of his scholarly reputation at the service of National Socialism, and thus, willingly or not, contributed to its legitimization among his fellow Germans.
And yet, just one year later, on April 23,Heidegger resigned from his office and took no further part in politics. His rectoral address was found incompatible with the party line, and its text was eventually banned by the Nazis. Certain restrictions were put on his freedom to publish and attend conferences. He came under attack of Ernst Krieck, semi-official Nazi philosopher.
For some time he was under the surveillance of the Gestapo. He was forbidden to teach and in was dismissed from his chair of philosophy. The ban was lifted in He turned to the exegesis of philosophical and literary texts, especially does history repeat itself essay the Presocratics, but also of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Hölderlin, and makes this his way of philosophizing.
His preoccupation with the question of language and his fascination with poetry were expressed in lectures on Hörderlin which he gave between and Towards the end of s and the beginning of s, he taught five courses on Nietzsche, in which he submitted to criticism the tradition of western metaphysics, described by him as nihilistic, and made allusions to does history repeat itself essay absurdity of war and the bestiality of his contemporaries.
Finally, his reflection upon the western philosophical tradition and an endeavor to open a space for philosophizing outside it, brought him to an examination of Presocratic thought. The course was not about early Greek thought, yet the Presocratics became does history repeat itself essay the pivotal center of discussion.
During the s, in addition to giving courses on Aristotle, Kant and Hegel, Heidegger lectured extensively on Anaximander, Parmenides, and Heraclitus. During the last three decades of his life, from the mid s to the mid s, Heidegger wrote and published much, but in comparison to earlier decades, there was no significant change in his philosophy. Most of his time was divided between his home in Does history repeat itself essay, his second study in Messkirch, and his mountain hut in the Black Forest.
But he escaped provincialism by being frequently visited by his friends including, among the others, the political philosopher Hannah Arendt, the physicist Werner Heisenberg, the theologian Rudolf Bultmann, the psychologist Ludwig Binswanger and by traveling more widely than ever before. One of his last teaching stints was a seminar on Parmenides that he gave in Zähringen in Heiddegger died on May 26,and was buried in the churchyard in Messkirch.
He remained intellectually active up until the very end, working on a number of projects, including the massive Gesamtausgabethe complete edition of his works. As it has been mentioned, Heidegger was interested in Husserl from his early student years at the University of Freiburg when he read Logical Investigations.
Later, when Husserl accepted a chair at Freiburg, does history repeat itself essay, Heidegger became his assistant. Does history repeat itself essay debt to Husserl cannot be overlooked.
Following the Cartesian tradition, he saw the ground and the absolute starting point of philosophy in the subject. The goal of phenomenology for Husserl is then a descriptive, detached analysis of consciousness, in which objects, as its correlates, are constituted. What right does Husserl have to insist that the original mode of encounter with beings, in which they appear to us as they are as things in themselves, is the encounter of consciousness purified by phenomenological reduction and its objects?
Perhaps because of his reverence for Husserl, he does not subject him to direct criticism in his fundamental work. Nevertheless, Being and Time is itself a powerful critique of the Husserlian phenomenology. Heidegger there gives attention to many different modes in which we exist and encounter things. The starting point of philosophy for him is not consciousness, but Dasein in its being.
The central problem for Husserl is the problem of constitution: How is the world as phenomenon constituted in our consciousness? Heidegger takes the Husserlian problem one step further.
Dasein is that being in which any being is constituted. Phenomenology thus receives in Heidegger a new meaning. Heidegger takes it rather to designate a method. For Heidegger the method of ontology is phenomenology. However, being is always the being of a being, and accordingly, it becomes accessible only indirectly through some existing entity. One must direct oneself toward an entity, but in such a way that its being is thereby brought out.
It is Dasein which Heidegger chooses as the particular entity to access being. Hence, as the basic component of his phenomenology, Heidegger adopts the Husserlian phenomenological reduction, but gives it a completely different meaning.
To sum up, Heidegger does not base his philosophy on consciousness as Husserl did. Although he agrees with Husserl that the transcendental constitution of the world cannot be unveiled by naturalistic or physical explanations, in his view it is not a descriptive analysis of consciousness that leads to this end, does history repeat itself essay, but the analysis does history repeat itself essay Dasein.
Phenomenology for him is not a descriptive, detached analysis of consciousness. It is a method of access to does history repeat itself essay. For the Heidegger of Being and Timephilosophy is phenomenological ontology which takes its departure from the analysis of Dasein. The noun is used by other German philosophers to denote the existence of any entity, does history repeat itself essay.
He relates this question to the question of being. Dasein, that being which we ourselves are, is distinguished from all other beings by the fact that it makes issue of its own being. It stands out to being. Dasein is essentially temporal. Existence means that Dasein is potentiality-for-being Seinkönnen ; it projects its being upon various possibilities.
Existence represents thus the phenomenon of the future. Then, as thrownness, Dasein always finds itself already in a certain spiritual and material, historically conditioned environment; in short, in the world, in which the space of possibilities is always somehow limited. This represents the phenomenon of the past as having-been.
Finally, as fallenness, Dasein exists in the midst of beings which are both Dasein and not Dasein. This represents the primordial phenomenon of the present.
Does History Really Repeat Itself?
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